While the rest of the country was focused on the fierce military
battle to drive the Islamic State (IS) from Mosul, the Iraqi parliament
declared its own war by passing the new law Oct. 23, banning all
production, imports and sales of alcoholic beverages of all kinds. The
law stipulates that violators will have to pay a fine of no less than 10
million dinars ($8,500) and no more than 25 million dinars ($21,000).
Iraq is an Islamic democracy. The new law’s supporters say it aligns
with the Iraqi constitution, which forbids passage of any law that
contradicts Islam. Some opponents, however, note that the constitution
also provides for protection of religious minorities’ rights and
customs. Parliament member Yonadam Kanna said he will appeal
parliament’s action to the federal court as being contrary to the
constitution and personal freedoms.
The debate revolves around three main points: non-Muslim minorities’
fear of the Islamization of the state, controversy over the relationship
between religion and state, and attempts by parties of political Islam
to control the black market for alcohol.
Journalist Ali Hussein’s Oct. 24 column posted on al-Mada news site
ran with the headline, “Parliament decides: No place for Christians in
Iraq.” In it, he summarized how Christians and other minorities view the
message behind the new law.
Joseph Sylawa, a Christian member of parliament with the Warka bloc,
told Al-Monitor the ban on alcohol is part of a war against religious
minorities that aims to force them out of the country through exclusion,
marginalization and harassment policies.
Others also challenge the law.
“This is an unprecedented, dangerous and controversial law,” said Mona Yako, a law professor at the University of Salahuddin in Erbil and
an activist defending the rights of minorities. “It is a clear indicator
of the nature of the conflict between those who support applying the
Islamic Sharia and those who support a civil state.”
Some activists believe the law is a step toward the Islamization of a
state that was destined to be a pluralistic model in the Middle East.
Abbas Sharifi, a member of the Civic Center for Studies and Legal
Reform in Baghdad, told Al-Monitor, “[We] are truly afraid for how the
civil state, agreed upon in the constitution, is going to be. [We] fear
this tight grip on personal freedom would be a prelude toward altering
the state’s laws to apply Sharia law, such as in Saudi Arabia and Iran.”
Dia al-Shukurji, a former Dawa Party leader, focused on the role of
Sharia, which the constitution stipulates as the primary source of
legislation. He told Al-Monitor, “We knew how critical this [point] was.
Ever since the [current] constitution was first written [in 2005], it
was obvious that it was going to [be the grounds for] constant conflicts
with those who support the Islamization of the state.”
Shukurji, who was a member of the committee that wrote the
constitution, was one of the first to object to including the
stipulation. According to his memoirs, “A Quarter of a Century with
Political Islam,” his opposition led to his resignation from the ruling
Islamic Dawa Party.
He said the timing of the law is suspicious in that it coincided with
the Supreme Council of Islamic Awakening conference held Oct. 23 in
Baghdad. “The conference was held under the auspices of [Iranian Supreme
Leader Ayatollah] Ali Khamenei’s representative and adviser Ali Akbar
Velayati, which indicates that the conference’s goal was to stress the
loyalty to Khamenei’s Islam and promote the Islamization of the state.”
Nouri al-Maliki, the former prime minister of Iraq, gave a speech at
the conference that focused on the success of Islamization efforts in
Iraq, while at the same time, Mahmoud al-Hassan, a member of the
Maliki-led State of Law Coalition, was in parliament defending the law
to ban alcohol. In his speech, Maliki stressed that Islamists working on
the Islamization project must not be distracted by the wars in Iraq,
Syria and Yemen.
Meanwhile, other critics are focusing on the law’s economic dimensions.
A main importer of alcohol told Al-Monitor on condition of anonymity,
“The value of imported alcohol in 2015 reached over $800 million, and
other quantities of alcohol were smuggled into Iraq with an estimated
value of more than $300 million.”
He warned about organized crime groups associated with politicians
and how they could control the black market for alcohol and make
profits. He noted that the economic crisis that has been plaguing the
country since the drop in oil prices has made it imperative for some
parties — and the militias associated with them — to search for new
sources of funding.
Faeq al-Sheikh Ali, a parliament member with the civil movement,
alluded to the same point in an Oct. 25 televised conference from inside
the parliament. He spoke about influential Islamic parties with
affiliated militias that share the revenues of bars, nightclubs and
casinos. These entities, he said, were behind passing the law and will
use it to make money in the black market trade of alcoholic beverages.
Saad Salloum is an Iraqi academic and journalist specializing in
Iraqi minorities and human rights. He heads the research department in
the College of Political Sciences of Mustansiriya University and is one
of the founding members of the Iraqi Council for Interfaith Dialogue.
His publications focus on Iraqi minorities and include the books
“Minorities in Iraq” (2013), “Christians in Iraq” (2014) and “Policies
and Ethnic Groups in Iraq” (2014).